GO - OPERATORS
'Operators' are used in Pyton to perform calculations or operations.
Say for example, we have used the addition '+' operator to add two numbers.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 6
var z = x + y
fmt.Println("The added value is :",z)
}
Output :
The added value is : 11
In the above example, we have used two operators of Go.
-
Addition Operator (i.e. '+')
Used to add two or more values.
var z = x + y
-
Addition Operator (i.e. '+')
Used to assign a value to a variable.
var x = 5
var y = 6
var z = x + y
So far, we have seen only two 'operators'. Now, let us see all the 'operators' available in Go.
Array of Operators available in Go
-
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication e.t.c.
Let us see them below.
| Operator |
Used For |
Example |
| + |
Addition |
x + y |
| - |
Subtraction |
x - y |
| * |
Multiplication |
x * y |
| / |
Division |
x / y |
| % |
Modulus |
x % y |
| ++ |
Increment |
x++ |
| -- |
Decrement |
x-- |
CLICK HERE TO SEE ARITHMETIC OPERATORS IN DETAIL
-
Addition Operator (+)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 6
var z = x + y
fmt.Println("The added value is :",z)
}
Output :
The added value is : 11
-
Subtraction Operator (-)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 8
var y = 2
var z = x - y
fmt.Println("The subtracted value is :",z)
}
Output :
The subtracted value is : 6
-
Multiplication Operator (*)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 6
var z = x * y
fmt.Println("The multiplied value is :",z)
}
Output :
The multiplied value is : 30
-
Division Operator (/)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 8
var y = 2
var z = x / y
fmt.Println("The divided value is :",z)
}
Output :
The divided value is : 4
-
Modulus Operator (%)
Modulus Operator calculates the remainder.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 9
var y = 2
var z = x % y
fmt.Println("The modulus is :",z)
}
Output :
The modulus is : 1
i.e. The remainder of '9' and '2' is '1'.
-
Increment Operator (++)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 2
x++
fmt.Println("The incremented value is :",x)
}
Output :
The incremented value is : 3
The increment operator '++' with x,
x++
Actually means, increment the value of x by 1.
In other words,
x++
Is,
x = x + 1
So, the value of 'x' is '2'. And it gets incremented by '1'.
And the current value of 'x' is 3.
-
Decrement Operator (--)
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 2
x--
fmt.Println("The decremented value is :",x)
}
Output :
The decremented value is : 1
The decrement operator '--' with x,
x--
Actually means, decrement the value of x by 1.
In other words,
x--
Is,
x = x - 1
So, the value of 'x' is '2'. And it gets incremented by '1'.
And the current value of 'x' is '1'.
-
Bitwise Operators
The are a few number system. Among which we usually use the decimal numbers (i.e. 1, 2, 3, .... ). And there is also something called 'Binary Numbers'(i.e. '0' and '1').
Say for example, if we convert the decimal number '5' to Binary, it is '101'.
'0' and '1' are also called as 'Bit'. And the operator that we are going to use, deals with 'Bits'.
So, they are called as 'Bitwise Operators'.
Let us see them below :
| Operator |
Name |
Example |
| & |
AND |
x & y |
| | |
OR |
x | y |
| ^ |
XOR |
x ^ y |
| >> |
Right Shift |
x << |
| << |
Left Shift |
x << |
CLICK HERE TO SEE BITWISE OPERATORS IN DETAIL
-
The Operator '&' or 'AND'
The '&' Operator checks, if both the bits are '1' then it returns '1' else it returns '0'.
Let us understand it with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 2
var z = x & y
fmt.Println(z)
}
Output :
0
So, in the above code, we have,
var x = 5
And,
var y = 2
So, what Go does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. '5' and '2') to binary.
The binary equivalent of '5' is '101'
And the binary equivalent of '2' is '10'
Now, if we calculate the '&' of '5' and '2'.
101
& 010
------
000
And we got the output '000' because we could only get a '1' if both are '1'.
But in this case, '1 & 0' is '0', '0 & 1' is '0' and '1 & 0' is also '0' i.e. '000'.
And if we convert '000' to decimal we get '0' as output.
-
The Operator '|' or 'OR'
The '|' Operator checks, if either one of the bits is '1' then it returns '1' else it returns '0'.
Let us understand it with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 2
var z = x | y
fmt.Println(z)
}
Output :
7
So, in the above code, we have,
var x = 5
And,
var y = 2
So, what Go does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. '5' and '2') to binary.
The binary equivalent of '5' is '101'
And the binary equivalent of '2' is '10'
Now, if we calculate the '|' of '5' and '2'.
101
| 010
------
111
And we got the output '111' because we can get a '1' if either of the bits are '1'.
But in this case, '1 | 0' is '1', '0 | 1' is '1' and '1 | 0' is also '1' i.e. '111'.
And if we convert '111' to decimal, it is '7'.
-
The Operator '^' or 'XOR'
The '^' or 'XOR'/'eXclusive OR' is almost same as the 'OR' Operator. The only difference is, if both are '1' it returns '0'. Else for '1' and '0' or '0' and '1' it returns '1'.
Let us understand it with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 4
var z = x ^ y
fmt.Println(z)
}
Output :
1
So, in the above code, we have,
var x = 5
And,
var y = 4
So, what Go does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. '5' and '2') to binary.
The binary equivalent of '5' is '101'
And the binary equivalent of '2' is '100'
Now, if we calculate the '|' of '5' and '2'.
101
^ 100
------
001
And we got the output '001' because '1 ^ 1' is '0', '0 ^ 0' is '0' and '1 ^ 0' is '1'
i.e. '001'.
And if we convert '001' to decimal, it is '1'.
Just note that '1 ^ 1' is '0' and not '1'.
-
The Operator '>>' or 'Right Shift'
The '>>' Operator or 'Right Shift', simply shifts bits to the right by number of positions specified.
Let us understand it with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var z = x >> 1
fmt.Println(z)
}
Output :
2
So, in the above code, we have,
var x = 5
And we try Right Shifting the value of 'x' by 1.
var z = x >> 1
So, what Go does internally is, converts the number (i.e. '5') to binary.
The binary equivalent of '5' is '101'
Now, if we right shift '101' by '1'.
'101' >> '010'
And after Right Shifting by '1', the '1' to the extreme right is lost.
And we got the output '010'.
And if we convert '010' to decimal, it is '2'.
-
The Operator '<<' or 'Left Shift'
The '>>' Operator or 'Left Shift', simply shifts bits to the left by number of positions specified.
Let us understand it with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var z = x << 2
fmt.Println(z)
}
Output :
20
So, in the above code, we have,
var x = 5
And we try Left Shifting the value of 'x' by 2.
var z = x << 2
So, what Go does internally is, converts the number (i.e. '5') to binary.
The binary equivalent of '5' is '101'
Now, if we left shift '101' by '2'.
'00101' >> '10100'
And after Left Shifting by '2', all the elements shifts 2 places to the right.
And we got the output '10100'.
And if we convert '10100' to decimal, it is '20'.
-
Assignment Operators
We have already used the Assignment Operator i.e. '='. When we tried to initialise any variable.
Say for example,
x = 5
y = 6
z = x + y
Although, there is just one assignment operator i.e. '='. But there are various ways by which we can write it.
Let us see them below.
| Operator |
Example |
Is Same As |
| = |
x = 1 |
x = 1 |
| += |
x += 1 |
x = x + 1 |
| -= |
x -= 1 |
x = x - 1 |
| *= |
x *= 1 |
x = x * 1 |
| /= |
x /= 1 |
x = x / 1 |
| %= |
x %= 1 |
x = x % 1 |
| &= |
x &= 1 |
x = x & 1 |
| |= |
x |= 1 |
x = x | 1 |
| ^= |
x ^= 1 |
x = x ^ 1 |
| >>= |
x >>= 1 |
x = x >> 1 |
| <<= |
x <<= 1 |
x = x << 1 |
CLICK HERE TO SEE BITWISE OPERATORS IN DETAIL
-
The Operator '='
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
fmt.Println("The value of x is :",x)
}
Output :
The value of x is : 5
-
The operator '+='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x + 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '+='.
x += 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x += 3
fmt.Println("The new value of x is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 8
-
The operator '-='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x - 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '-='.
x -= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x -= 3
fmt.Println("The new value of x is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 2
-
The operator '*='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x * 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '*='.
x *= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x *= 3
fmt.Println("The new value of x is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 15
-
The operator '/='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x / 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '/='.
x /= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 12
x /= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 4
-
The operator '*='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x * 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '*='.
x *= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x *= 3
fmt.Println("The new value of x is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 15
-
The operator '%='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x % 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '%='.
x %= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x %= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 2
-
The operator '&='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x & 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '&='.
x &= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 12
x &= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 0
-
The operator '|='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x | 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '|='.
x |= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x |= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 7
-
The operator '^='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x ^ 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '^='.
x ^= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x ^= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 6
-
The operator '>>='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x >> 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '>>='.
x >>= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x >>= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 0
-
The operator '<<='
Say, we have a statement,
x = x << 3
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator '<<='.
x <<= 3
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
x <<= 3
fmt.Println("The new value is :",x)
}
Output :
The new value of x is : 40
-
Comparison Operators
There would be scenarios, where we would have to compare two values.
Say, we wanted to check, if the first number is equal to the other number or not. Or if one number is greater than or less than the other number and so on.
Usually, we would be using the Comparison Operators with 'if' statements and 'Loops'.Which we would be learning in later tutorials.
For now we can compare the values and just print the results. The result would be 'True' if the condition matches. Else it would return 'False'.
There are various comparison operators we have listed below.
| Operator |
Name |
Example |
| == |
Equal To |
x == y |
| != |
Not Equal |
x != y |
| > |
Greater Than |
x > y |
| < |
Less Than |
x < y |
| >= |
Greater Than or Equal To |
x >= y |
| <= |
Less Than or Equal To |
x <= y |
CLICK HERE TO SEE COMPARISON OPERATORS IN DETAIL
-
The Operator '=='
It is used to compare two values and check if they are equal or not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x == y)
}
Output :
false
Since, the values of 'x' and 'y' are not equal. We got the output as 'false'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x == y)
}
Output :
true
Now, the values of 'x' and 'y' are equal. We got the output as 'true'.
-
The Operator '!='
It is used to compare two values and check if they are not equal. '!' is a sign for not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x != y)
}
Output :
true
Since, the values of 'x' and 'y' are not equal. We got the output as 'true'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x != y)
}
Output :
false
Now, the values of 'x' and 'y' are equal. We got the output as 'false'.
-
The Operator '>'
It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is greater than the second or not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x > y)
}
Output :
false
Since, the values of 'x' is not greater than 'y'. We got the output as 'false'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 7
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x > y)
}
Output :
true
Now, the values of 'x' is greater than 'y'. We got the output as 'true'.
-
The Operator '<'
It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is less than the second or not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x < y)
}
Output :
true
Since, the values of 'x' is less than 'y'. We got the output as 'true'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 7
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x < y)
}
Output :
false
Now, the values of 'x' is not less than 'y'. We got the output as 'false'.
-
The Operator '>='
It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is greater or equal to the second or not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x >= y)
}
Output :
false
Since, the values of 'x' is not greater than or equal 'y'. We got the output as 'false'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x >= y)
}
Output :
true
Now, the values of 'x' is equal than 'y'. We got the output as 'true'.
-
The Operator '<='
It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is less than or equal to the second or not.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 5
var y = 7
fmt.Println(x <= y)
}
Output :
true
Since, the values of 'x' is less than 'y'. We got the output as 'true'.
Let us see the next Example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var x = 7
var y = 5
fmt.Println(x <= y)
}
Output :
false
Now, the values of 'x' is not less than 'y'. We got the output as 'false'.
-
Logical Operators
There can be scenarios where we need to compare more than two values.
Say for example,
There are four numbers and we want to check if the first number is greater than the second.
And also need to check if the third number is greater than the fourth number.
Something like the below one,
first_number > second_number and third_number > fourth_number
And if you see the above statement, we need an 'and' statement to compare four values.
And thus, 'Logical Operators' comes into picture. It can be 'and', 'or', 'not'.
Let's see them below :
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| && |
It is true when both conditions are True. |
i > j && k > l |
| || |
It is true when one of the condition is True |
i < j || k < l |
| ! |
As the name suggests, it calculates the inverse |
!(i < j || k < l) |
CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL
-
The Operator '&&'
It is true when both conditions are 'true'.
Let us clear with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i = 5
var j = 7
var k = 8
var l = 9
fmt.Println(i < j && k < l)
}
Output :
true
The above statement checks if 'i < j' and 'k < l'.
Now, since '5' is less than '7' and also '8' is less than '9'. The print statement returns 'true'.
fmt.Println(i < j && k < l)
Let us see another example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i = 5
var j = 7
var k = 8
var l = 4
fmt.Println(i < j && k < l)
}
Output :
false
So, the above statement checks if 'i < j' and 'k < l'.
Now, since '5' is less than '7' but '8' is not less than '4'. The print statement returns False.
fmt.Println(i < j && k < l)
Just remember, for 'and' operator, both the conditions needs to be satisfied.
-
The Operator '||'
It is true when one of the condition is 'true'.
Let us clear with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i = 5
var j = 7
var k = 8
var l = 4
fmt.Println(i > j || k > l)
}
Output :
true
So, the above statement checks if 'i > j' or 'k > l'.
Now, since '5' is less than '7' and although '8' is not less than '4'. The print statement returns True.
fmt.Println(i > j || k > l)
Just remember, for 'or' operator, if only one condition works then the entire condition becomes 'true'.
-
The Operator '!'
It is true when a condition is 'false'. As the name suggests, it calculates the inverse.
Let us clear with the below example.
Example :
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i = 5
var j = 7
var k = 8
var l = 4
fmt.Println(!(i > j || k > l))
}
Output :
false
So, the above statement checks if 'i > j' or 'k > l'.
Now, since '5' is less than '7' and although '8' is not less than '4'. The condition is True. And since we are using 'not' operator, False is printed.
fmt.Println(!(i > j || k > l))
-
Miscellaneous Operators
| Operator |
Name |
Example |
| & |
Address of a Variable |
&x |
| * |
Pointer |
*x |
We will be explaining the above operators in the coming tutorials.
