RUBY - OPERATORS

Operators are used in Pyton to perform calculations or operations.

Say for example, we have used the addition + operator to add two numbers.

Example :

x = 5
y = 6
z = x + y
puts "The added value is : #{z}"

Output :

The added value is : 11

In the above example, we have used two operators of Ruby.

Addition Operator (i.e. +)

Used to add two or more values.
```
z = x + y
```

Assignment Operator (i.e. =)

Used to assign a value to a variable.
```
x = 5
y = 6
z = x + y
```

So far, we have seen only two operators. Now, let us see all the operators available in Ruby.

List of Operators available in Ruby

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication e.t.c.

Let us see them below.

Operator	Used For	Example
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
%	Modulus	x % y
**	Exponentiation	x ** y

CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL

Addition Operator (+)

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 6
z = x + y
puts "The added value is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The added value is : 11

Subtraction Operator (-)

Example :
```
x = 8
y = 2
z = x - y
puts "The subtracted value is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The subtracted value is : 6

Multiplication Operator (*)

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 6
z = x * y
puts "The multiplied value is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The multiplied value is : 30

Division Operator (/)

Example :
```
x = 8
y = 2
z = x / y
puts "The divided value is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The divided value is : 4

Modulus Operator (%)

Modulus Operator calculates the remainder.

Example :
```
x = 9
y = 2
z = x % y
puts "The modulus is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The modulus is : 1

So, the remainder of 9 and 2 is 1.

Exponentiation Operator (**)

Example :
```
x = 2
y = 3
z = x ** y
puts "The exponential is : #{z}"
```
Output :

The exponential value is : 8

In the above code we are calculating (2)³ .

i.e. 2*2*2 = 8

Bitwise Operators

The are a few number system. Among which we usually use the decimal numbers (i.e. 1, 2, 3, .... ). And there is also something called Binary Numbers(i.e. 0 and 1).

Say for example, if we convert the decimal number 5 to Binary, it is 101.

0 and 1 are also called as Bit. And the operator that we are going to use, deals with Bits.

So, they are called as Bitwise Operators.

Let us see them below :

Operator	Name	Example
&	AND	x & y
\|	OR	x \| y
~	NOT	~x
^	XOR	x ^ y
>>	Right Shift	x >>
<<	Left Shift	x <<

CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL

The Operator & or AND

The & Operator checks, if both the bits are 1 then it returns 1 else it returns 0.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 2
z = x & y
puts z
```
Output :

0

So, in the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And,
```
y = 2
```
So, what Ruby does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. 5 and 2) to binary.

The binary equivalent of 5 is 101

And the binary equivalent of 2 is 10

Now, if we calculate the & of 5 and 2.
```
  101 
& 010
 ----	
  000
```
And we got the output 000 because we could only get a 1 if both are 1.

But in this case, 1 & 0 is 0, 0 & 1 is 0 and 1 & 0 is also 0 i.e. 000.

And if we convert 000 to decimal we get 0 as output.

The Operator | or OR

The | Operator checks, if either one of the bits is 1 then it returns 1 else it returns 0.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 2
z = x | y
puts z
```
Output :

7

So, in the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And,
```
y = 2
```
So, what Ruby does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. 5 and 2) to binary.

The binary equivalent of 5 is 101

And the binary equivalent of 2 is 10

Now, if we calculate the | of 5 and 2.
```
 101
| 010	
 ----
 111
```
And we got the output 111 because we can get a 1 if either of the bits are 1.

But in this case, 1 | 0 is 1, 0 | 1 is 1 and 1 | 0 is also 1 i.e. 111.

And if we convert 111 to decimal, it is 7.

The Operator ~ or '' NOT

The ~ Operator or not, simply converts '1's to '0's and '0's to '1's.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
z = ~x
puts z
```
Output :

-6

If we look at the output, it looks a little weird. Where on earth did -6 come from.

Well! Let us not get much deeper into it and understand a simple formula.

i.e.

~x can be written as -x-1 or -(x+1)

So, if we apply the same formula to the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And, the binary equivalent of 5 is 101

Now, if as per the formula,
```
~x = -(101 + 1)
			

	 101 
	 1
	 ----
	 110
```
The decimal equivalent of 110 is 6.

So,
```
~x = -6
```
And thus we get the output as -6.

The Operator ^ or XOR

The ^ or XOR/eXclusive OR is almost same as the OR Operator. The only difference is, if both are 1 it returns 0. Else for 1 and 0 or 0 and 1 it returns 1.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 4
z = x ^ y
puts z
```
Output :

1

So, in the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And,
```
y = 4
```
So, what Ruby does internally is, converts both the numbers (i.e. 5 and 2) to binary.

The binary equivalent of 5 is 101

And the binary equivalent of 2 is 100

Now, if we calculate the | of 5 and 2.
```
  101 
^ 100	     	   
 ----	     	    
 001
```
And we got the output 001 because 1 ^ 1 is 0, 0 ^ 0 is 0 and 1 ^ 0 is 1

i.e. 001.

And if we convert 001 to decimal, it is 1.

Just note that 1 ^ 1 is 0 and not 1.

The Operator >> or Right Shift

The >> Operator or Right Shift, simply shifts bits to the right by number of positions specified.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
z = x >> 1
puts z
```
Output :

2

So, in the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And we try Right Shifting the value of x by 1.
```
z = x >> 1
```
So, what Ruby does internally is, converts the number (i.e. 5) to binary.

The binary equivalent of 5 is 101

Now, if we right shift 101 by 1.
```
101 >> 010
```
And after Right Shifting by 1, the 1 to the extreme right is lost.

And we got the output 010.

And if we convert 010 to decimal, it is 2.

The Operator << or Left Shift

The >> Operator or Left Shift, simply shifts bits to the left by number of positions specified.

Let us understand it with the below example.

Example :
```
x = 5
z = x << 2
puts z
```
Output :

20

So, in the above code, we have,
```
x = 5
```
And we try Left Shifting the value of x by 2.
```
z = x << 2 
```
So, what Ruby does internally is, converts the number (i.e. 5) to binary.

The binary equivalent of 5 is 101

Now, if we left shift 101 by 2.
```
00101 >> 10100
```
And after Left Shifting by 2, all the elements shifts 2 places to the right.

And we got the output 10100.

And if we convert 10100 to decimal, it is 20.

Assignment Operators

We have already used the Assignment Operator i.e. =. When we tried to initialise any variable.

Say for example,

x = 5
y = 6
z = x + y

Although, there is just one assignment operator i.e. =. But there are various ways by which we can write it.

Let us see them below.

Operator	Example	Is Same As
=	x = 1	x = 1
+=	x += 1	x = x + 1
-=	x -= 1	x = x - 1
*=	x *= 1	x = x * 1
/=	x /= 1	x = x / 1
%=	x %= 1	x = x % 1
**=	x **= 1	x = x ** 1
&=	x &= 1	x = x & 1
\|=	x \|= 1	x = x \| 1
^=	x ^= 1	x = x ^ 1
>>=	x >>= 1	x = x >> 1
<<=	x <<= 1	x = x << 1

CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL

The Operator =

Example :
```
x = 5
puts "The value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The value of x is : 5

The operator +=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x + 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator +=.
```
x += 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x += 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 8

The operator -=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x - 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator -=.
```
x -= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x -= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 2

The operator *=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x * 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator *=.
```
x *= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x *= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 15

The operator /=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x / 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator /=.
```
x /= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 12
x /= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 4

The operator %=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x % 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator %=.
```
x %= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x %= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 2

The operator **=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x ** 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator **=.
```
x **= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x **= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 125

The operator &=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x & 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator &=.
```
x &= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 12
x &= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 0

The operator |=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x | 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator |=.
```
x |= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x |= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 15

The operator ^=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x ^ 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator ^=.
```
x ^= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x ^= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 15

The operator >>=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x >> 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator >>=.
```
x >>= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 5
x >>= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 1

The operator <<=

Say, we have a statement,
```
x = x << 3
```
Now, we can shorten the above statement by using the operator <<=.
```
x <<= 3
```
Example :
```
x = 12
x <<= 3
puts "The new value of x is : #{x}"
```
Output :

The new value of x is : 96

Comparison Operators

There would be scenarios, where we would have to compare two values.

Say, we wanted to check, if the first number is equal to the other number or not. Or if one number is greater than or less than the other number and so on.

Usually, we would be using the Comparison Operators with if statements and Loops. Which we would be learning in later tutorials.

For now we can compare the values and just print the results. The result would be true if the condition matches. Else it would return false.

There are various comparison operators we have listed below.

Operator	Name	Example
==	Equal To	x == y
!=	Not Equal	x != y
>	Greater Than	x > y
<	Less Than	x < y
>=	Greater Than or Equal To	x >= y
<=	Less Than or Equal To	x <= y
<=>	Combined comparison operator	x <=> y
.eql?	Equality and type of the operands	x.eql?y
equal?	Checks Object ID	x equal? y

CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL

The Operator ==

It is used to compare two values and check if they are equal or not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x == y
```
Output :

false

Since, the values of x and y are not equal. We got the output as false.

Let us see the next Example.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 5
puts x == y
```
Output :

true

Now, the values of x and y are equal. We got the output as true.

The Operator !=

It is used to compare two values and check if they are not equal. ! is a sign for not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x != y
```
Output :

true

Since, the values of x and y are not equal. We got the output as true.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 5	     
y = 5	     
puts x != y
```
Output :

false

Now, the values of x and y are equal. We got the output as false.

The Operator >

It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is greater than the second or not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x > y
```
Output :

false

Since, the values of x is not greater than y. We got the output as false.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 7	     
y = 5	     
puts x > y
```
Output :

true

Now, the values of x is greater than y. We got the output as true.

The Operator <

It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is less than the second or not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x < y
```
Output :

true

Since, the values of x is less than y. We got the output as true.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 7	     
y = 5	     
puts x < y
```
Output :

false

Now, the values of x is not less than y. We got the output as false.

The Operator >=

It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is greater or equal to the second or not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x >= y
```
Output :

false

Since, the values of x is not greater than or equal y. We got the output as false.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 5	     
y = 5	    
puts x >= y
```
Output :

true

Now, the values of x is equal than y. We got the output as true.

The Operator <=

It is used to compare two values and check if the first value is less than or equal to the second or not.

Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x <= y
```
Output :

true

Since, the values of x is less than y. We got the output as true.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 7	     
y = 5	    
puts x <= y 
```
Output :

false

Now, the values of x is not less than y. We got the output as false.

The Operator <=>

The <=> is a mix of <, = and >.

It is used to compare two values and check

1. If the first value is less than second,
```
	It returns -1.
```
2. If the first value is equal to the second,
```
	It returns 0.
```
3. If the first value is greater than the second,
```
	It returns 1.
```
Example :
```
x = 5
y = 7
puts x <=> y
```
Output :

-1

Since, the value of x is less than y. We got the output as -1.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 5	     
y = 5	     
puts x <=> y
```
Output :

0

Now, the value of x and y is equal. We got the output as 0.

Let us see the next Example.
```
x = 7	     
y = 5	    
puts x <= y
```
Output :

1

Now, the value of x is not less than y. We got the output as 1.

The Operator .equal?

It is used to compare two values and check if they refer to the same object or not.

Example :
```
x = "Tokyo"
y = "Tokyo"
puts x == y
```
Output :

false

In the above example, although the values of x and y are equal. We got the output as false because value Tokyo in x and y resides at different location.

Similarly, let us see the next Example where both x and y refers to the same location.
```
x = "Tokyo"	     
y = x	    
puts x.equal? y
```
Output :

true

Now, we have initialised the value of x with Tokyo.
```
x = "Tokyo"
```
Then we have taken x and initialised it to y.
```
y = x
```
In other words, both x and y refers to the same location now.

And now, we got the output as true because value Tokyo in x and y resides in the same location.

Logical Operators

There can be scenarios where we need to compare more than two values.

Say for example,

There are four numbers and we want to check if the first number is greater than the second. And also need to check if the third number is greater than the fourth number.

Something like the below one,

first_number > second_number and third_number > fourth_number

And if you see the above statement, we need an and statement to compare four values.

And thus, Logical Operators comes into picture. It can be and, or, not.

Let's see them below :

Operator	Description	Example
&&	It is true when both conditions are true.	i < j && k < l
\|\|	It is true when one of the condition is true	i < j or k < l

CLICK HERE TO SEE LOGICAL OPERATORS IN DETAIL

The Operator &&

It is true when both conditions are true.

Let us clear with the below example.

Example :
```
i = 5
j = 7
k = 8
l = 9
puts i < j && k < l
```
Output :

true

The above statement checks if i < j and k < l.

Now, since 5 is less than 7 and also 8 is less than 9. The print statement returns true.
```
puts i < j && k < l
```
Let us see another example.

Example :
```
i = 5
j = 7
k = 8
l = 4
puts i < j && k < l)
```
Output :

false

So, the above statement checks if i < j and k < l.

Now, since 5 is less than 7 but 8 is not less than 4. The print statement returns false.
```
puts i < j && k < l)
```
Just remember, for and operator, both the conditions needs to be satisfied.

The Operator ||

It is true when one of the condition is true.

Let us clear with the below example.

Example :
```
i = 5
j = 7
k = 8
l = 4
puts i < j || k < l
```
Output :

true

So, the above statement checks if i < j or k < l.

Now, since 5 is less than 7 and although 8 is not less than 4. The print statement returns true.
```
puts i < j || k < l
```
Just remember, for or operator, if only one condition works then the entire condition becomes true.

Ternary Operator

Ternary operator checks if a condition is true or false.

Operator Description Example

?: It checks if a condition is true or false. 5<7 ? 5:7
1. The Operator ?:
  
  If the given condition is true. It returns the first value else returns the second one.
  
  Example :
```
i = 5
j = 7
puts i < j ? i : j
```
  Output :
  
  5
  
  So, in the above example, we have taken the condition
```
i < j
```
  We have 5 in i
```
i = 5
```
  And 7 in j.
```
j = 7
```
  So, i < j condition is true. So the first value i.e. the value of i is returned.
  
  Example :
```
i = 7
j = 3
puts i < j ? i : j
```
  Output :
  
  3
  
  Now, since the condition is false, the value of j is printed.

Operator	Description	Example
?:	It checks if a condition is true or false.	5<7 ? 5:7

❮❮ PREV NEXT ❯❯

RUBY - OPERATORS

Example :

Output :

Addition Operator (i.e. +)

Assignment Operator (i.e. =)

List of Operators available in Ruby

Arithmetic Operators

Addition Operator (+)

Example :

Output :

Subtraction Operator (-)

Example :

Output :

Multiplication Operator (*)

Example :

Output :

Division Operator (/)

Example :

Output :

Modulus Operator (%)

Example :

Output :

Exponentiation Operator (**)

Example :

Output :

Bitwise Operators

The Operator & or AND

Example :

Output :

The Operator | or OR

Example :

Output :

The Operator ~ or '' NOT

Example :

Output :

The Operator ^ or XOR

Example :

Output :

The Operator >> or Right Shift

Example :

Output :

The Operator << or Left Shift

Example :

Output :

Assignment Operators

The Operator =

Example :

Output :

The operator +=

Example :

Output :

The operator -=

Example :

Output :

The operator *=

Example :

Output :

The operator /=

Example :

Output :

The operator %=

Example :

Output :

The operator **=

Example :

Output :

The operator &=

Example :

Output :

The operator |=

Example :

Output :

The operator ^=

Example :

Output :

The operator >>=

Example :

Output :

The operator <<=

Example :