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RUBY - QUICK SORT CODE




Just like Merge Sort, the coding for Quick sort is also based on Recursion. If you don't know recursion, no worries. We will explain Recursion as much as possible.


Example :



def sort(arr, left, right)
	if(left < right)

    	#Calculates the point based on which the array is divided into left part and
        #right part.

		pos = divide(arr, left, right)
		sort(arr, left, pos)  # Sorts the left part of the array recursively.
		sort(arr, pos+1, right)  # Sorts the right part of the array recursively.
	end
end		

def divide(arr, low, high)

	pivot = arr[low]
	j = high
	i = low

	while true
		while arr[j] > pivot
			j-=1
		end	

		while arr[i] < pivot
			i+=1
		end	

		if (i < j)
			temp = arr[j]
			arr[j] = arr[i]
			arr[i] = temp
		else
			return j
		end
	end		
	return 0
end				


arr = [7, 5, 8, 6]
puts "Array before Sorting"

for i in 0..arr.length-1
	puts arr[i]
end	

puts

sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1)

puts "Array after Sorting"

for i in 0..arr.length-1
	puts arr[i]
end	


Output :



  Array before Sorting
  7
  5
  8
  6

  Array after Sorting
  5
  6
  7
  8

Code Explanation


In the above code we have two methods:


def sort(arr, left, right)

and


def divide(arr, low, high)

The first method def sort(...) divides the list into two or more parts.


And the next method def divide(...) returns the position, based on what the list is divided. It calculates the position such that, all the elements less than the pivot element is placed on the left side of the divided list and all the elements greater than or equal to the pivot element is placed on the right side of the divided list.


And just remember the methods don't execute unless called.


So, initially we will be taking the array,


arr = [7,5,8,6]

And pass it to the sort(...) method,


sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1)

Let us understand the 'def sort(arr, left, right)' method in detail:


def sort(arr, left, right)
	if(left < right)

		#Calculates the point based on which the array is divided into left part and
		#right part.

		pos = divide(arr, left, right)
		sort(arr, left, pos)  # Sorts the left part of the array recursively.
		sort(arr, pos+1, right)  # Sorts the right part of the array recursively.
	end
end

So, we are passing the array arr, its starting point i.e. 0(mentioned left inside the parameter of sort(...) method) and the end point i.e. arr.length-1 (mentioned right inside the parameter of sort(...) method).

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The array arr contains (7, 5, 8, 6).


And the value of the variable, left is 0.


The length of the array is 4. Which means (4-1), i.e. 3. So, the value of the variable right is 3.


In the next step we check


if(left < right)

Which means the array length should be more than 1(i.e. If the array length is not more than 1, there is just one element in the array and no further calculation is needed).


Then we calculate the position of pivot element by calling the divide(arr, left, mid) method, so that we can divide the array into two parts.


pos = divide(arr, left, mid)

Let us see the 'def divide(arr, low, high)' method in detail:


Since, our idea is to move the pivot element at position in the array, such that all the elements smaller to the pivot element would be placed at the left of it.


And all the elements greater than the pivot element should be placed at the right hand side of the pivot element.


And that is exactly the work, def divide(arr, low, high) is going to do.


It places the pivot element at the right position and returns the exact position of the pivot element.


def divide(arr, low, high)

	pivot = arr[low]
	j = high
	i = low

	while true
		while arr[j] > pivot
			j-=1
		end

		while arr[i] < pivot
			i+=1
		end

		if (i < j)
			temp = arr[j]
			arr[j] = arr[i]
			arr[i] = temp
		else
			return j
		end
	end
	return 0
end

All we are doing in the above case is,


def divide(arr, low, high)

Getting the elements of the array in arr[].

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And the low and high variables contains 0 and 3.


In the next step, we get the pivot element(The first element in the array will be the pivot element).


pivot = arr[low]

Now, since arr[low] or arr[0] contains 7. The pivot variable pivot will have 7.

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Next, we will make j to point to the last element.


j = high

So, the value of j becomes


j = 3 (Since, high = 3)
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Similarly, we will make i to point to the first element.


i = low

So, the value of i becomes


i = 0 (Since, low = 0)
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Now, let's check the main chunk of code from above:


while true
	while arr[j] > pivot
		j-=1
	end

	while arr[i] < pivot
		i+=1
	end

	if (i < j)
		temp = arr[j]
		arr[j] = arr[i]
		arr[i] = temp
	else
		return j
	end
end

There are three while loops.

  1. There is an outer loop,

    while true

  2. And two nested while loops inside it.

    while arr[j] > pivot
    	j-=1
    end


    and

    while arr[i] < pivot
    	i+=1
    end

The outer loop


while true

Only exits when i and j cross each other.


Let us see how.


The while loop runs indefinitely,


while true

And the above while loop only stops when the if condition is not satisfied and the control goes to the else statement,


if (i < j)
	temp = arr[j]
	arr[j] = arr[i]
	arr[i] = temp
else
	return j
end

Which means when i is greater than or equal to j, it returns j and exits.


In other words, when i and j cross each other, The above while loop (i.e. while true) stops.


Now, let us come to the inner while loop,


while arr[j] > pivot
	j-=1
end

So, the idea is to move j towards the left until it finds an element less than the pivot element.


And, the above while loop exactly does the same.


It keeps on decrementing j, and the loop continues until it finds an element less than the pivot element.

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Let us demonstrate in brief,


while arr[j] > pivot
	j-=1
end

1st iteration of while loop (j = 3)


while arr[j] > pivot
	j-=1
end

When we replace j and pivot with its actual values,


while arr[3] > 7
	j-=1
end

In the above case, the value of j is 3, and we compare with the pivot element.


And we can see that arr[3] has 6, i.e. less than the pivot element i.e. 7.


So, the control doesn't gets into the while loop, and j keeps on pointing to the 4th location.

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Similarly, let us come to the next inner while loop,


while arr[i] < pivot
	i+=1
end

So, the idea is to move i towards the right until it finds an element less than the pivot element.


Even in this case, the above while loop does the same.


It keeps on incrementing i until it finds an element less than or equal to the pivot element.

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Let us demonstrate in brief,


while arr[i] < pivot
	i+=1
end

1st iteration of while loop (j = 4)


while arr[i] < pivot
	i+=1
end

When we replace i and pivot with its actual values,


while arr[0] < 7 :
	i+=1
end

And we can see that arr[0] has 7, i.e. equal to the pivot element i.e. 7.


So, the control doesn't gets into the while loop, and it keeps on pointing i to the 1st location.

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Now, since we are done with the while loops. It's time to check the if block (That helps to exit from the outer loop).


if (i < j)
	temp = arr[j]
	arr[j] = arr[i]
	arr[i] = temp
else
	return j
end

The above if block checks, if i and j have crossed each other or not (i.e. Have a look at the above array block. Until i < j, i and j have not crossed each other).


In the above case i is less than j. Since, the value of i is 0 and the value of j is 6.


So, we get into the if block. And all it does is swaps the values of arr[i] and arr[j].


So, we swap the values of arr[0] and arr[3].


And the new array contents after swapping becomes :

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We are not yet done as the return statement in the else part has still not executed.


else
	return j

So, we continue with the outer loop,


while true

And reach the inner while loop,


while arr[j] > pivot
	j-=1
end

And, the idea is to move j towards the left until it finds an element less than or equal to the pivot element.


And, the above while loop exactly does the same.

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So, after looping through. The while loop stops at the second position(i.e. j) when it finds the element 5 in the second location in the array is less than the pivot element.


Similarly, the control comes to the next while loop dealing with i.


while arr[i] < pivot
	i+=1
end

And, the idea is to move i towards the right until it finds an element greater than or equal to the pivot element.


And, the above while loop exactly does the same.

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And, after looping through. The while loop stops at the third position when it finds the element 8 in the third location in the array is greater than the pivot element.


And we can see that i and j have crossed each other.


So, if we look at the if statement,


if (i < j)
	temp = arr[j]
	arr[j] = arr[i]
	arr[i] = temp
else
	return j
end

The value of i is 2 and the value of j is 1.


And finally, the control comes to the else statement and returns the value of j i.e. 1.


Now, let us divide the above array based on the value of j.

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And BINGO! That's what we wanted. All the elements less than the pivot element i.e. 7 is on the left side. And all the elements greater than or equal to the pivot element i.e. 7 is on the right side.


And the next piece of code will take the above two parts and calculate it further.


Let us see how ?


In the next line, the value of j(i.e. 1) will be assigned to the pos variable.


Let us take a look at the sort(..) method again,


def sort(arr, left, right)
	if(left < right)

		#Calculates the point based on which the array is divided into left part and
		#right part.

		pos = divide(arr, left, right)
		sort(arr, left, pos)  # Sorts the left part of the array recursively.
		sort(arr, pos+1, right)  # Sorts the right part of the array recursively.
	end
end

The pos variable, from the above code contains 1 (i.e. The value returned from def sort(arr, left, right))


pos = divide(arr, left, right)

Now, comes the fun part. When we encounter the line,


sort(arr, left, pos)

We call the sort(...) method from the sort(...) method itself. And this is called recursion. Where a method keeps on calling itself until it comes to an end. And it maintains an internal stack which is hidden from the programmer.


It might look a little complex, but trust me it is quite simple. Just stay with me.


All we are doing in this step is, taking the left hand side of the array and passing it to the sort() method.


i.e. If we substitute the values of sort(arr, left, pos)


We can see left variable has 0 and pos variable has 1.


Which means, the sort() method is going to operate on the left side of array.

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And if we come to the next line,


sort(arr, pos+1, right)

The above line will deal with the right part of the array.


i.e. If we substitute the values of sort(arr, pos+1, right)


We can see pos+1 variable would be 2(Since value of pos variable is 1) and right variable has 3.


Which means, this time the sort() method is going to operate on the right side of array.

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Let us see it in brief, how the array is partitioned at every step :

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Note : Just for your convenience, consider every step has an unique array.

The above 6 step process is the best way to understand the code.


We have the array with values 7, 5, 8, 6.


From which we select the pivot element(i.e. 7) and call the divide(arr, left, right) method. Based on this pivot element, the array is divided into two parts. Such that all the elements less than the pivot element will be placed on the left half and all the elements greater than or equal to the pivot element will be placed on the right part.

  1. As mentioned in the above diagram, we come to Step 1. Where we will be dealing with the left part of the array. And, sort(arr, left, pos) method calls itself(i.e. Recursion). And def sort(arr, left, right) method executes again with the left part of the array.

    Similarly, pivot element is selected(i.e. 6) and the array is divided into two parts in the divide(arr, left, right) method. Where 5 will be placed at the left part of the array(As it is less than the pivot element i.e. 6).

    And we come to Step 2.

  2. In step two, we will be dealing with the left part of the array from step 1. And, sort(arr, left, pos) method calls itself(i.e. Recursion).

    And def sort(arr, left, right) method executes again with the left part of the array.

    Since, there is only one element (i.e. 5) in the left part, the below condition is not satisfied.

    if(left < right)


    And a very important point to note is, the recursive execution of sort(arr, left, pos) has ended.

    Now, it's time for Step 3.

  3. Just note! The execution of of the array from Step 1 has not ended completely. Only the left part is dealt in Step 2. Now, it's time to deal with the right part of the array from Step 1.

    And how is that done?

    Don't worry! We don't have to deal with it. It's recursion. The compiler maintains an internal stacks that deals with the methods that are not executed.

    Thus, we are in step 3. Where the next method sort(arr, pos+1, right) is called.

    Similarly, we find there is just one element in the right part i.e. 6. So the execution ends here.

    And it's time for step 4.

  4. Now, since this is recursion. The compiler searches, what is left for execution. It goes to the main array. i.e. The array with values 7, 5, 8, 6.

    And the compiler finds the right part of the array is not calculated.

    So, in Step 4, the compiler deals with the right part and the method sort(arr, pos+1, right) is called.

    Similarly, based on the pivot element(i.e. 8), the array is divided into two parts.

  5. Just like the above case, in Step 5, sort(arr, left, pos) is called.

    Since, there is just one element in the left part the execution ends.

  6. And in Step 6, sort(arr, pos+1, right) method is called and the entire execution comes to an end.

Now, if we combine all the parts. We get a sorted array.


5, 6, 7, 8.

Note : We don't have to combine the values, as the sorting is done in place using recursion.


Efficiency / Running time of Quick Sort


There are complicated processes to understand the efficiency/running for Quick Sort. But we will keep it simple, so that it becomes simple to understand and we can calculate the running time for any algorithm this way.


Best case Running Time


Let's say we are lucky.

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As as we have seen in the above case the array is divided exactly into two parts at all steps.


Thus, at each step the divide(...) method will take n times at each level. And how many levels are there. There are three levels or log n.


So, if we combine we get the,


Best case running time : O(n log n)


Worst case Running Time


Now, lets say we are quite unlucky.

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In the above array has 4 levels. In other words there are n levels. And also the divide(...) method is going to run n times at each level.


So, the


Worst case running time : O(n**2)


Average case Running Time


Average case running time : O(n log n)